Occasional Criminal

1. Difference between professional and ordinary criminals Professional criminals differ from ordinary or conventional criminals. The difference may be discussed at several levels: (1) Professional criminals are skilled in their criminal activity but.
2. Cesare Lombroso (/ l ɒ m ˈ b r oʊ s oʊ /, also US: / l ɔː m ˈ-/, Italian: ˈtʃeːzare lomˈbroːzo, ˈtʃɛː-, -oːso; born Ezechia Marco Lombroso; 6 November 1835 – 19 October 1909) was an Italian criminologist, phrenologist, physician, and founder of the Italian School of.

Categorizing offenders into occasional, conventional and professional criminals highlights the psychological aspect of criminal orientation, socioeconomic factors, criminal tendencies and the deterrent effectiveness of penalties imposed on various types of criminals. The illustration that the perpetrators of most occasional property crimes are people form well-off backgrounds raises questions on the factors that motivate shoplifting, forgery and vandalism. Considering that wealthy individuals such as Winona Ryder and Claude Allen have suffered charges of shoplifting, it seems that the perpetrators of occasional property crimes engage in the vice largely to satisfy their curiosity and urge for adventure. When someone shoplifts goods about 5,000 dollars of goods, yet his salary is about 160, 000 dollars, the idea of a crime driven by necessity become unacceptable. The role of factors such as poverty and lack of education is not evident among most of the occasional property criminals. Occasional property criminals act impulsively with little a planning on the intended crime unlike other categories of criminals. It is interesting that the perpetrators of occasional property crimes do not regard themselves as criminals but people who take advantage of poor security systems. The infrequency of the acts of an occasional property criminal means that, they are unlikely to continue with the errant behavior once apprehended. An analysis of conventional property crimes shows a pattern and reasonable amount of planning by the perpetrators of such crimes. Material and monetary gains constitute the central aspects of conventional property crimes, which act as a source of livelihood for the offenders. Conventional criminals regard acts such as burglary and motor vehicle theft as an occupation and often associate with other groups of criminals unlike the occasional criminals. For example, the Flatbush Pulley Gang operated in groups of between 15-30 men for purposes of coordination and time efficiency.

The criminal profiles of incarcerated conventional property criminals show an aspect of internalization and acceptance of crime especially among older adults. Most conventional criminals are able to overcome the threats of arrest and view having a criminal record as a good thing on the streets. Poverty, drug use and lack of education greatly influence an individual’s tendency to engage in conventional property crimes with most of the offenders regarding their activities as a means of survival. Conventional crimes offer an opportunity for acquisition of skills and knowledge required in professional crime. The mode of operation for professional criminals ensures that they can steal a lot and for long without arrest. Meticulous planning and precision are crucial for professional criminals because their activities require the breach of security systems to reach the target without arousing any public attention. The rewards for professional criminals are numerous, and a series of successful criminal undertakings earns them respectable status in the criminal world. Professional criminals rely on nonviolent and systematic skills to achieve their objectives unlike the conventional property criminals. For example, pyramid schemes rely on the gullibility of people and only require the criminal to convince his targets of a reasonably high interest on the deposited amount. It is interesting to realize the influence of varying perceptions about who deserves the label of a criminal on the tendencies of some people to turn crime into an occupation. It seems that the tendencies of criminals vary based on their social status, psychological conviction, nature of a crime and approaches used in committing the crime.

The Occasional Paper Series normally publishes papers pursuant to an invitation to the author, but others are welcome to make submissions that meet the established standard. Unsolicited texts are submitted for peer review. Each Occasional Paper has a unique ISBN and its URL is persistent and will not be changed (PURL). The announcement of new publications in the Series normally reaches more than 40,000 institutions and individuals around the world.

Occasional Paper Series No. 10 (2019):

Professional thieves are those who commit crime with some degree of skill and spend little time in jail or prison. Persistent thieves alternate between a variety of property crimes and do not specialize in any particular crime. Occasional offenders commit their offenses when there is an opportunity. This fits well with the rational choice theory.

Derek Tonkin:
Migration from Bengal to Arakan during British Rule 1826–1948
Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2019
36 pages.
Published on 6 December 2019.
ISBN: 978-82-8348-150-1.
PURL: http://www.toaep.org/ops-pdf/10-tonkin.

Occasional Paper Series No. 9 (2019):

Morten Bergsmo:
Myanmar, Colonial Aftermath, and Access to International Law
Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2019
24 pages.
Published on 15 August 2019.
ISBN: 978-82-8348-085-6.
PURL: http://www.toaep.org/ops-pdf/9-bergsmo.

Occasional Paper Series No. 8 (2019):

Occasional Criminal

Claus Kreß:
Preliminary Observations on the ICC Appeals Chamber’s Judgment of 6 May 2019 in the Jordan Referral re Al-Bashir Appeal
Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2019
30 pages.
Published on 31 May 2019.
ISBN: 978-82-8348-116-7.
PURL: http://www.toaep.org/ops-pdf/8-kress.

Occasional Criminal Definition

FICHL Occasional Paper Series No. 7 (2018):

Federica D'Alessandra:
‘Law, Not War’: Ferencz’ 70-Year Fight for a More Just and Peaceful World
Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2018
42 pages.
Published on 6 February 2018.
ISBN: 978-82-8348-176-1.
PURL: http://www.toaep.org/ops-pdf/7-dalessandra.

FICHL Occasional Paper Series No. 6 (2016):

Stian Nordengen Christensen:
Regulation of White Phosphorus Weapons in International Law
Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2016
50 pages.
Published on 29 August 2016.
ISBN: 978-82-8348-109-9.
PURL: http://www.toaep.org/ops-pdf/6-christensen.

FICHL Occasional Paper Series No. 5 (2017):

Julija Bogoeva:
The War in Yugoslavia in ICTY Judgements:
The Goals of the Warring Parties and Nature of the Conflict
Rat u Jugoslaviji u presudama MKSJ: Ciljevi zaraćenih strana i priroda sukoba
Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2017 and 2019
87 pages (English) and 90 pages (B/C/S).
Published on 9 May 2017 (English) and 25 August 2019 (B/C/S).
ISBN: 978-82-8348-109-9 (English) and 978-82-8348-115-0 (B/C/S).
PURL: http://www.toaep.org/ops-pdf/5-bogoeva (English) and http://www.toaep.org/ops-pdf/5-bogoeva-b-c-s (B/C/S).

FICHL Occasional Paper Series No. 4 (2014):

Claus Kreß:
Towards a Truly Universal Invisible College of International Criminal Lawyers
Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Brussels, 2014
37 pages.
Published on 28 November 2014.
ISBN: 978-82-93081-40-1.
PURL: http://www.toaep.org/ops-pdf/4-kress.

Occasional Criminals Definition

FICHL Occasional Paper Series No. 3 (2013):

Lord Iain Bonomy:
Principles of Distinction and Protection at the ICTY
Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Oslo, 2013
53 pages.
Published on 24 January 2013.
ISBN: 978-82-93081-39-5.
PURL: http://www.toaep.org/ops-pdf/3-bonomy.

FICHL Occasional Paper Series No. 2 (2011):

Richard J. Goldstone:
South-East Asia and International Criminal Law
เอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้กับกฎหมายอาญาระหว่างประเทศ (Thai version)
Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Oslo, 2011
23 pages (English version), 29 pages (Thai version).
Published on 27 September 2011.
ISBN English: 978-82-93081-38-8.
ISBN Thai: 978-82-93081-51-7.
PURL: http://www.toaep.org/ops-pdf/2-goldstone.
PURL: http://www.toaep.org/ops-pdf/2-goldstone-thai.

Occasional Criminal Examples

FICHL Occasional Paper Series No. 1 (2011):

Occasional Criminal Cases

Hans-Peter Kaul:
Is It Possible to Prevent or Punish Future Aggressive War-Making?
Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
Oslo, 2011
18 pages.
Published on 9 February 2011.
ISBN: 978-82-93081-37-1.
PURL: http://www.toaep.org/ops-pdf/1-kaul.