Processionaria

1. Processionaria Bruco
2. Processionaria Cane
3. Processionaria Immagini

Larval feeding of the pine processionary moth weakens and disfigures pine trees. Semi-natural forests in the Mediterranean area of, for example, the native species P. Halepensis or P. Pinaster are affected, but not to the extent of damaging their biodiversity.

• Title: Microsoft Word - PROCESSIONARIA Author: neus.morales Created Date: 3/22/2013 1:16:10 PM.
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English

stone-pine processionary caterpillar

Last Update: 2014-11-15
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English

processionary caterpillar

Last Update: 2014-11-15
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English

oak processionary caterpillar

Last Update: 2014-11-15
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English

oak processionary moth

Last Update: 2014-11-14
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Italian

Una specie molto famosa, protetta dalla Direttiva Habitat, è Calosoma sycophanta, utilizzato nella lotta biologica in Francia, contro i bruchi urticanti di diverse falene dannose a pioppeti e querceti, fra cui le dannose processionarie e limantrie.

English

A very famous species, protected by the Habitats Directive, is Calosoma sycophanta, utilized in France in the biological struggle against the stinging caterpillars of various moths dangerous to poplars and oaks, among which the harmful pine processionares and the lymantrias.

Last Update: 2018-02-13
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Italian

La questione è, quindi, quella del grado di democrazia all’interno del museo; questo grado è davvero basso, se vi andiamo come in pellegrinaggio e dobbiamo seguire percorsi guidati e strutture processionarie che non consentono erranza né deviazione.

English

What makes the difference is the degree of intellectual freedom that is allowed to the viewer, the degree, so to say, of democracy within the museum.

Last Update: 2018-02-13
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Italian

Azrou è una popolazione berbera importante situato all'interno del Medio Atlante. Più conosciuto della città stessa sono le foreste di cedro che la circondano. Azrou vivono in 50.000. L'abitante più famoso di questi boschi è la Great Cedar Gouraud, il più grande cedro antichi della regione. Purtroppo, morì pochi anni fa da una invasione di processionaria. Molto vicino ai posti Cedar Gouraud trovare souvenir, bibite e noccioline per nutrire le scimmie di centinaia Gibilterra che vivono nella zona anche visitare la piccola medina, dove si possono trovare negozi e botteghe, legno e tappeti.

English

Azrou is an important Berber population located within the Middle Atlas. Better known than the city itself are the cedar forests that surround it. Azrou live in 50,000. The most famous inhabitant of these woods is the Great Cedar Gouraud, the largest ancient cedar in the region. Unfortunately, he died a few years ago by a plague of Processionary. Very close to Cedar posts Gouraud find souvenirs, drinks and peanuts to feed the monkeys of Gibraltar hundreds living in the area also visit the small medina, where you can find shops and workshops, woodwork and carpets.

Last Update: 2018-02-13
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Italian

Per fortuna, l’upupa, è generalmente apprezzata per l’elegante bellezza e per il fatto di essere un uccello utile all’agricoltura nutrendosi anche di insetti particolarmente fastidiosi come la processionaria del pino ( Thaumetopoea pityocampa ) che viene predata quando è allo stadio di crisalide.

English

Luckily, the hoopoe is widely appreciated for its elegant beauty and for the fact of being a bird useful for the agriculture as it nourishes of particularly annoying insects such as the Pine processionary ( Thaumetopoea pityocampa ) which is predated when at the stage of chrysalis.

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The oak processionary (Thaumetopoea processionea) is a moth whose caterpillars can be found in oakforests, where they feed on oak leaves, causing significant damage. They travel in nose-to-tail processions (hence their name), often arrow-headed, with a leader followed by rows of several caterpillars abreast.^[1] They are a human irritant because of their venomoussetae (hairs), which can cause skin irritation and asthma. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae.

Description[edit]

The wingspan of adult stage moths is between 25 and 35 millimetres (0.98 and 1.38 in). Their pattern of tan, brown and white make the adults difficult to see against oak bark. Adults fly during July and August. The larvae construct communal nests of white silk from which they crawl at night in single file, head to tail in large processions to feed on foliage in the crowns of trees, returning in the same manner.

Oak is its preferred food source, but the moth also eats the leaves of hazel, hornbeam, sweet chestnut, birch and beech.^[2]

Identification[edit]

Processionaria Bruco

The caterpillars live and feed almost exclusively on oak trees. They may march in procession across the ground between oak trees, and cluster together as they feed on oak leaves. In early summer they build silk nests on the trunks and branches, but not in the leaves, of oak trees, and leave silk trails on the trunks and branches. The nests and trails are originally white and visible, but soon become discoloured and hard to see.^[1]

The nests may be hemispherical, teardrop shaped, bag-like, and blanket-like (surrounding part of a trunk or branch), and may be at any height on the tree. The diameter may range from about 25 mm (one inch) to stretching several meters up the trunk. The caterpillars stay in these nests during the day between feeding periods, and later in the summer they remain in the nests to pupate into adult moths.^[1]

The caterpillars are mostly found in oak trees or on the ground under them in late spring and early summer, and do not live on fences, walls, etc. as other caterpillars do. They have very long, white hairs contrasting markedly with shorter hairs.^[1] The caterpillars of several other species may be mistaken for the oak processionary.^[3]

Distribution[edit]

The moths are widely distributed in central and southern Europe, and are occasionally found as far north as Sweden. In the southern countries of Europe the populations are controlled by natural predators, but these predators are not present in northern Europe. Their range is expanding northward, possibly or partly as a result of global warming. The moth now has an established population in the UK. The eggs arrived on oak imported to the Richmond and Ealing areas of London in 2006^[4] and the range of the species in the UK has been steadily expanding despite efforts to eradicate it.^[5]

Public health problem[edit]

Processionaria Cane

The moths pose an increasing nuisance to humans as their range is extended.^[6] The backs of older caterpillars (3rd to 6th instars) are covered with up to 63,000 pointed defensive bristles,^{[citation needed]} sized between 0.2 and 0.3 millimeters, which contain an urticating toxin, the protein thaumetopoein.^[7] The setae break off readily, become airborne and can cause epidemic caterpillar dermatitis (lepidopterism), manifested as a papular rash, pruritus, conjunctivitis and, if inhaled, pharyngitis and respiratory distress, including asthma or even anaphylaxis.

It has been found that the skin irritation and itching caused by contact with these hairs can be largely eliminated by the use of cetirizine-based antihistamine tablets.^{[citation needed]}

Transmission of the hairs can be airborne, by ground contact via plants or grass or even by water contact in stillwater e.g. garden ponds. The hairs remains toxic beyond the life cycle of the moth and in some cases can remain a problem for several seasons.^{[citation needed]}Mowing a lawn can bring a person into contact with these hairs. One alternative is to adopt a grass mulching technique to reduce possible contact, and to speed up the biological breakdown of the irritant hairs.^{[citation needed]}

Damage to trees[edit]

Large populations can strip trees bare, leaving them weakened and vulnerable to other threats.^[1]

Control[edit]

Nests can be removed, or the caterpillars sprayed with pesticides soon after they hatch. However, neither approach is 100% effective.^[8] Male moths can be trapped in pheromone traps; this does not significantly reduce the population, but provides an indication of moth distribution.^[1]

United Kingdom[edit]

The caterpillars were accidentally introduced to the UK in 2005, almost certainly as eggs on live oak plants imported from continental Europe. Later distribution of the pest probably arose from several similar introductions, in addition to spread from the original point of introduction.^[1] By 2019 they had spread to all 33 London boroughs, and the Government had spent £37 million trying to control them.^[8]The general public have been asked to look out for these caterpillars and to report them, rather than deal with them themselves. The London Boroughs of Brent, Ealing, Hounslow and Richmond upon Thames set up task forces to deal with outbreaks. Sightings of these caterpillars in other areas should be reported to the Forestry Commission,^[9] whose research agency issued guidance on the way to contain outbreaks and deal with infestations, so as not to increase the risk to the public.^[10]

On 31 March 2008 an emergency amendment added the moth to the list of pests in The Plant Health (Forestry) Order 2005, and has required all oak trees coming into the UK from the rest of Europe to have Plant Passports.^[11]

In 2013 the Forestry Commission announced helicopters would be deployed to 'blanket spray woodland' where the caterpillars posed a health threat.^[5]

In 2015 fifteen OPM nests were found in Hampstead Heath, Highgate Wood and Queen's Park; in 2018 over 2,000 were found at those sites.^[8] In April 2018 an outbreak of the caterpillars was declared in Greater London and surrounding areas.^[12] In Spring 2019 more were reported at Bracknell by the BBC News website [2], and a number were also found in Virginia Water.

On 15 July 2019 strengthened measures on the import of most species of oak into England were introduced to protect native trees from the threat of the pest.^[13]

Belgium[edit]

The moth is reported as being fairly common in Belgium, notably in the Campine but also elsewhere, the population fluctuating from year to year.^[14] In 2007 infestations in the province of Limburg were so acute that soldiers were deployed to burn them.

Processionaria Immagini

Netherlands[edit]

In the Netherlands, the caterpillars are dealt with by biological pest control. As in Germany, local authorities use fluids containing Bt toxins, a biological pesticide. These fluids are sprayed onto the infected trees. In cases of serious contamination, the use of relatively mild chemical pest killers has been allowed by local authorities.^{[citation needed]}

An experiment with bird houses for the great tit began in 2016. It has been observed that great tits like to eat the young, not yet hairy caterpillars in April.

Because chemicals may be harmful to other insects, an alternative is to use vacuuming equipment to remove the caterpillars and then incinerating them.

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcdefg'Oak Processionary Moth - Tree pests and diseases'. Forestry Commission (UK). 11 September 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
2. ^Tree News, Autumn/Winter 2007, page 4 internal Sylva supplement
3. ^'Native species that may be mistaken for oak processionary moth'. Forest Research. 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
4. ^forestry.gov.uk
5. ^ ^abDixon, Helen (7 May 2013). 'Helicopters to spray woodland to halt march of toxic caterpillars'. Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
6. ^'Toxic caterpillar infestation plagues Germany'. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
7. ^Lamy, M.; Pastureaud, M. H.; Novak, F.; Ducombs, G.; Vincendeau, P.; Maleville, J.; Texier, L. (1986). 'Thaumetopoein: An urticating protein from the hairs and integument of the pine processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff., Lepidoptera, Thaumetopoeidae)'. Toxicon. 24 (4): 347–56. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(86)90194-7. PMID3087028.
8. ^ ^abcSleigh, Sophia (31 January 2019). 'Toxic caterpillar invasion spiralling out of control following 'phenomenal' population explosion'. Evening Standard. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
9. ^The Forestry Commission. Oak processionary mothArchived 4 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine
10. ^Forest Research Survey and intervention in relation to different phases of the oak processionary moth life cycle. Accessed 2008-05-31
11. ^Office of Public Sector Information. Explanatory memorandum to the Plant Health (Forestry) (Amendment) Order 2008 No. 644.[1] Retrieved 31 May 2008.
12. ^'Health warnings after toxic caterpillar outbreak in London'. BBC News. 28 April 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
13. ^'Tighter restrictions on oak tree imports come into force'. GOV.UK. Retrieved 2020-01-28.
14. ^'Thaumetopoea processionea (Linnaeus, 1758)'. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Belgium. Archived from the original on 2019-02-01.

• Maier, H.; Spiegel, W.; Kinaciyan, T.; Krehan, H.; Cabaj, A.; Schopf, A.; Honigsmann, H. (24 November 2003). 'The oak processionary caterpillar as the cause of an epidemic airborne disease: survey and analysis'. British Journal of Dermatology. 149 (5): 990–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2003.05673.x. PMID14632804. S2CID6559088.
• Rahlenbeck, S.; Utikal, J. (1 August 2015). 'The oak processionary moth: a new health hazard?'. British Journal of General Practice. 65 (637): 435–6. doi:10.3399/bjgp15X686341. PMC4513735. PMID26212843.

External links[edit]

• Kimber, Ian. '71.001 BF2022 Oak Processionary Thaumetopoea processionea (Linnaeus, 1758)'. UKMoths. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
• Lepiforum e. V.(in German)
• De Vlinderstichting(in Dutch)